“Most of the current solutions stay as superficial fixes that do not challenge the root causes of our problems. What we keep returning to in our work is the need for truly global cooperation, because the problems we face are deeply interconnected, and so are the solutions,” Irmak Karakislak, senior expert at the United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security, told Earth.Org.

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In April, the United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) launched the 2025 Interconnected Disaster Risks report, which examines why necessary actions are not taken to address climate change despite decades of warnings by scientists – as well as what is preventing these actions. While previous editions of the report analysed how the disasters are interconnected, and what risk tipping points the world will reach if humanity continues to weaken the systems humans depend on, this year’s edition asked a crucial question: “how do we change course?”

In an exclusive interview with Earth.Org, Irmak Karakislak, senior expert at the UNU-EHS and lead author of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report, explains that the world can build on the change that is already happening.

An Interview With Irmak Karakislak

EO: “If we know what we need to do, then why are we not doing it?” This is a crucial question the report addressed. What are your thoughts on this attitude of humans, especially considering climate change is intensifying?

Karakislak: Most people agree that we should protect our ecosystems, stop pollution, reduce waste, and so many people around the world are trying to make changes for these goals. We recycle, plant trees or support climate-friendly causes — and these efforts matter. However, our report highlights a key challenge: we often stop at surface-level or superficial fixes and fail to confront the deeper systems and mindsets that created the crisis in the first place. 

For example, our rivers are polluted with plastic waste, which leads to floods, ecosystem damage and health risks. In response, we often focus on recycling, which helps, but doesn’t solve the root problem of why we have so much plastic waste to begin with. The real issue is the “take-make-waste” model of production and consumption, where we extract resources, use them and then throw them away. The assumption that resources are endless, that newer is always better or that waste is someone else’s problem is causing this issue. Our report shows that we need to go deeper to rethink the very ideas of waste, consumption and value. 

Dr. Irmak Karakislak is an Associate Academic Officer at UNU-EHS, working on the flagship report, Interconnected Disaster Risks.
Dr. Irmak Karakislak. Photo: UNU-EHS/Gonzales.

EO: Why is it difficult – and appears almost impossible – for humans to really take required steps to stop emissions and halt climate change?

Karakislak: One of the biggest reasons is that we are not tackling the deeper, systemic forces driving the climate crisis. Our societies are built on long-standing assumptions about how the world should work and they often go unquestioned. These include ideas like infinite growth, the separation between humans and nature, or the belief that economic value matters more than our well-being or sustainability. In our report, we introduce the Theory of Deep Change, a framework that helps us to explore these hidden layers – the mindsets, beliefs, and structures shaping our everyday decisions. The good news is that these deeper ideas are not set in stone. They are socially constructed, built over time by people, meaning that they can change.

It seems difficult, but such deeply ingrained beliefs can shift. Think about smoking, for example. It was once considered completely normal behaviour, you could smoke in restaurants, offices, even airplanes. Over time, as we recognized the health risks and began to change public perceptions, laws and norms followed. The same kind of shift is possible in how we relate to the environment and climate. It requires a transformation in how we think, what we value and how we imagine the future. But even when we know what needs to change, actually making those changes can be daunting. This is often referred to as the Delta of Doom – a space where solutions are known, but implementation becomes stalled due to conflicts of interest, fear and systemic resistance. Navigating this space requires strong collective will and governance to overcome the inertia and push through toward meaningful, lasting change.

EO: Are governments and other institutions doing enough to address climate change?

Karakislak: There are many ongoing efforts being made by governments and institutions to address the climate crisis, but the reality is that they are often fragmented, short-term or insufficient in scale. Most of the current solutions stay as superficial fixes that do not challenge the root causes of our problems. What we keep returning to in our work is the need for truly global cooperation, because the problems we face are deeply interconnected, and so are the solutions. 

A powerful example of what is possible is the Montreal Protocol, a landmark agreement where countries came together to phase out ozone-depleting substances. It has been highly successful: the ozone layer is expected to fully recover by 2066. This is proof that collective, multilateral action can work. We need more of these ambitious, cooperative efforts to address today’s challenges.

EO: The report outlines five key changes to achieve a desirable future. How can key stakeholders such as the governments and advocacy groups effectively implement these changes?

Karakislak: Our report introduces the idea of deep change, which occurs at two levels called inner and outer levers. Inner levers relate to shifting mindsets, values and assumptions with the aim to redefine what is possible. Outer levers are about structural change like new policies, governance models or investments. These two levers must work together to ensure deep, long-lasting change. 

One of the five key changes we explore is the shift from short-term thinking towards long-term thinking, so we can leave a liveable and thriving world for future generations. This begins with an inner shift like caring about the well-being of those who come after us. But it must also be supported by outer lever mechanisms, such as committees for the future. These are often parliamentary or governmental bodies that formally advise on long-term impacts. These committees already exist in countries like Chile, Finland, Wales, the Philippines and even within the European Commission. They are practical ways to integrate future-thinking into decision-making. 

EO: Despite decades of warnings from scientists, not much has been done to reverse climate change. How do you think the five key changes outlined in the report will translate into desired results?

Karakislak: While we know so much about the climate crisis and yet still struggle to act decisively is the central question driving our report. Part of what we found is that change is already happening in many places, and these examples can inspire and guide broader transformation. One of the five key changes we outline is about realigning our relationship with nature. When we treat nature as separate from us, as something to control or extract from, we create cascading risks.

But ecosystems can recover when we change our approach and give them the chance. In the US, the Kissimmee River in Florida was once altered for navigation, causing widespread ecological damage. When the river’s natural flow was restored, biodiversity and water quality began to rebound, proving that healing is possible when we work with nature rather than against it. 

Kamikatsu, Japan.
Kamikatsu, a small town in Katsuura District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan, recycles over 80% of its waste by sorting it into 45 categories. Photo: Wikimedia Commons.

Another example is from Kamikatsu, Japan, a small town that recycles over 80% of its waste by sorting it into 45 categories. The community took on this ambitious approach entirely by itself and became a global model for zero-waste living along the way. These kinds of community-driven efforts show that, with the right values, tools and support, we can get desired results. 

EO: What challenges do you think may arise in the application of the Theory of Deep Change?

Karakislak: Like any framework, the Theory of Deep Change comes with limitations. One of the biggest challenges is that change is highly context-dependent. What sparks transformation in one place might not work well in another. So, applying the theory requires local sensitivity, inclusive dialogue and collaboration among changemakers across regions. 

Another challenge is that current systems, as flawed as they are, benefit certain groups. There can be resistance to change, but the cost of not changing is far greater. We are experiencing risks that threaten to trigger cascading disasters, from the climate crisis to food and water insecurity. The deeper shifts we propose in this report are urgently necessary. Change is not without difficulty, but it holds the opportunity to build systems that are fairer, more sustainable and resilient.

EO: What last thoughts would you like to share with our readers?

Karakislak: With so many crises happening at once, it is easy and normal to feel hopeless and overwhelmed at times. But our report offers a different perspective: it shows that change is already happening, and we can build on it. Across the globe, people are rethinking systems, restoring ecosystems and experimenting with bold, new ideas.

The journey towards a better future that we can build together starts with all of us. Even seemingly small actions matter, because collectively, they create a big impact. Readers should feel inspired to see themselves as part of this transformation, to reimagine what is possible and to work towards achieving it.

Featured image: Michael Adams via Flickr.

💡How can I contribute to a more sustainable planet?

  1. 🗳️ Vote for climate action: Exercise your democratic rights by supporting candidates and policies that prioritize climate change mitigation and environmental protection. Stay informed with Earth.Org’s election coverage.
  2. 👣 Reduce your carbon footprint: Make conscious choices to reduce your carbon footprint. Opt for renewable energy sources, conserve energy at home, use public transportation or carpool, and embrace sustainable practices like recycling and composting.
  3. 💰 Support environmental organizations: Join forces with organizations like Earth.Org and its NGO partners, dedicated to educating the public on environmental issues and solutions, supporting conservation efforts, holding those responsible accountable, and advocating for effective environmental solutions. Your support can amplify their efforts and drive positive change.
  4. 🌱 Embrace sustainable habits: Make sustainable choices in your everyday life. Reduce single-use plastics, choose eco-friendly products, prioritize a plant-based diet and reduce meat consumption, and opt for sustainable fashion and transportation. Small changes can have a big impact.
  5. 💬 Be vocal, engage and educate others: Spread awareness about the climate crisis and the importance of environmental stewardship. Engage in conversations, share information, and inspire others to take action. Together, we can create a global movement for a sustainable future.
  6. 🪧 Stand with climate activists: Show your support for activists on the frontlines of climate action. Attend peaceful protests, rallies, and marches, or join online campaigns to raise awareness and demand policy changes. By amplifying their voices, you contribute to building a stronger movement for climate justice and a sustainable future.

For more actionable steps, visit our ‘What Can I do?‘ page.

💡How can I contribute to a more sustainable planet?

  1. 🗳️ Vote for climate action: Exercise your democratic rights by supporting candidates and policies that prioritize climate change mitigation and environmental protection. Stay informed with Earth.Org’s election coverage.
  2. 👣 Reduce your carbon footprint: Make conscious choices to reduce your carbon footprint. Opt for renewable energy sources, conserve energy at home, use public transportation or carpool, and embrace sustainable practices like recycling and composting.
  3. 💰 Support environmental organizations: Join forces with organizations like Earth.Org and its NGO partners, dedicated to educating the public on environmental issues and solutions, supporting conservation efforts, holding those responsible accountable, and advocating for effective environmental solutions. Your support can amplify their efforts and drive positive change.
  4. 🌱 Embrace sustainable habits: Make sustainable choices in your everyday life. Reduce single-use plastics, choose eco-friendly products, prioritize a plant-based diet and reduce meat consumption, and opt for sustainable fashion and transportation. Small changes can have a big impact.
  5. 💬 Be vocal, engage and educate others: Spread awareness about the climate crisis and the importance of environmental stewardship. Engage in conversations, share information, and inspire others to take action. Together, we can create a global movement for a sustainable future.
  6. 🪧 Stand with climate activists: Show your support for activists on the frontlines of climate action. Attend peaceful protests, rallies, and marches, or join online campaigns to raise awareness and demand policy changes. By amplifying their voices, you contribute to building a stronger movement for climate justice and a sustainable future.

For more actionable steps, visit our ‘What Can I do?‘ page.